Postgraduate Students’ Perception of Creativity in the Research Process
Keywords:
Postgraduate study, Research, Research problem, Scientific creativity.
Abstract
The purpose of the research was, with the aid of a short questionnaire, to determine how postgraduate students (N = 32) perceive the opportunities for creative research in general, and
how they perceive creativity in the preparation of their own research work in particular. Descriptive analysis shows that students (1) perceive a positive study-research climate that encourages creative processes (independence, motivation, intellectual challenges), (2) judge that researchers have numerous opportunities for creative work in the various phases of research and (3) evaluate themselves as highly creative individuals in everyday life. Students perceive themselves as being at their most creative in the definition of the research problem, which they mainly identify with the use of personal strategies (work experience) and take various lengths of time to form, typically up to one year. The most difficult problem in this regard is represented by giving meaning to the problem (breadth, depth, specificity, application). Amongst the perceived encouragement with which mentors motivate students for creative research the most frequent is less directive general guidance in study and research. On the basis of the presented findings, guidelines are suggested for the more effective encouragement of creative research in postgraduate students.
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References
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raziskovalcev. Družboslovne razprave, 23, 71–94.
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Runco, M. (2004). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 657–687.
Sawyer, R. K. (2006). Explaining creativity: The science of human innovation. New York,
NY: Oxford University Press.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions
and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54–67.
Simonton, D. K. (2003). Scientific creativity as constrained stochastic behaviour: The
integration of product, person, and process perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 129,
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Simonton, D. K. (2004). Creativity in science: Chance, logic, genius, and zeitgeist.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Soler, J. M. (2007). A rational indicator of scientific creativity. Journal of Infometrics, 1,
123–130.
Stehr, N. (1994). Knowledge Societies. Sage: London.
Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity synthesized. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1996). Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51,
677–688.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubard, T. I. (1999). The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms.
In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 3–15). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Unsworth, K. L., & Parker, S. K. (2002). Promoting a pro-active and innovative workforce
for the new workplace. In D. Holman, T.D. Wall, C. W. Clegg, P. Sparrow, & A. Howard
(Eds.), The New Workplace: A Guide to the Human Impact of Modern Work Practices (pp.
175–196). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Urban, K. K. (2007). Assessing creativity: A componential model. In A. G. Tan (Ed.),
Creativity: A handbook for teachers (pp. 167–186). Singapore: World Scientific.
Weisberg, R. W. (1993). Creativity: Beyond the myth of genius. New York, NY: Freeman and
Company.
Zgaga, P. (2007). »Bolonjska arhitektura« doktorskega študija? Nekatere ključne teme v
novejših razpravah o doktorskem študiju v Evropi. Vestnik – Univerza v Ljubljani, 38, 3–7.
Yusuf, S. (2009). From creativity to innovation. Technology and Society, 31, 1–8. doi:
10.1016/j.techsoc.2008.10.007
technique: Profiles of the 2002 Franklin institute laureates. Journal of Franklin Institute,
340, 163–189.
Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context: Update to the social psychology of creativity.
Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Amabile, T. M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J., & Herron, M. (1996). Assessing the work
environment for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1154–1184.
Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C. (2007). Toward a broader conception of creativity: A
case for “mini-c” creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 1, 73–79. doi:
10.1037/1931-3896.1.2.73
Charyton, C., & Snelbecker, G. E. (2007). General, artistic and scientific creativity
attributes of engineering and music students. Creativity research Journal, 19, 213–225.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York, NY:
Harper & Row.
Chikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Implications of a systems perspective for the study of
creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 313–335). New York, NY:
Cambridge University Press.
Collins, R. (2007). The creativity of intellectual networks and the struggle over attention
space. In A. Sales, & M. Fournier (Eds.), Knowledge, communication and creativity (pp.
156–165). London: Sage.
Craig, L. (1990). A guide to increased creativity in research – inspiration or perspiration?
Roundtable. Bioscience, 40, 123–129.
Ekvall, G. (1996). Organizational climate for creativity and innovation. European Journal
of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5, 105–123.
Flippo, R. F., & Caverly, D. C. (Eds.) (2009). Handbook of college reading and study
strategies research (2nd ed). New York, NY: Routledge.
Furnham, A., & Bachtiar, V. (2008). Personality and intelligence as predictors of creativity.
Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 613–617.
Gardner, H. (2003). Razsežnosti uma: Teorija o več inteligencah. Ljubljana: Tangram.
Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5, 444–454.
Gulbrandsen, M. (2004). Accord or discord? Tensions and creativity in research. In S.
Hemlin, C. M. Allwood, & B. R. Martin (Eds.), Creative knowledge environments: The
influences on creativity in research and innovation (pp. 31–57). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Heinze, T., Shapira, P., Rogers, J. D., & Senker, J. M. (2009). Organizational and
institutional influences on creativity in scientific research. Research Policy, 38, 610–623.
Heinze, T., Shapira, P., Senker, J. M., & Kuhlmann, S. (2007). Identifying creative research
accomplishments: Methodology and results for nanotechnology and human genetics.
Scientometrics, 70, 125–152.
Hemlin, S. (2009). Creative knowledge environments: An interview study with members
and group leaders of university and industry R&D groups in biotechnology. Creativity and
Innovation management, 18, 278–285. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8691.2009.00533.x.
Hemlin, S., Allwood, C. M., & Martin, B. R. (2004). What is creative knowledge
environments? In S. Hemlin, C. M. Allwood, & B. R. Martin (Eds.), Creative knowledge
environments: The influences on creativity in research and innovation (pp. 1–30).
Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Hennessay, B. A. (2006). Creativity and motivation in the classroom: A social
psychological and multi-cultural perspective. In A. G. Tan (Ed.), Creativity: A handbook
for teachers (pp. 27–46). Singapore: World Scientific.
Hermans, S. (2011). Creativity and innovation in the EU 2020 strategy. Plenary speech at
Hungarian EU Presidential Conference on Talent Support and First European Talent Day,
Budapest, 7.-9.4.2011.
Hunter, S. T., Bedell, K. E., & Mumford, M. D. (2007). Climate for creativity: A
quantitative review. Creativity Research Journal, 19, 69–90.
L’Abate, L., DeGiacomo, P., Capitelli, M., & Longo, S. (Eds.) (2009). Science, mind and
creativity: The Bari symposium. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
Leong, F. T. L., & Pfaltzgraff, R. E. (1996). Finding the research topic. In F. T. L. Leong, &
J. T. Austin (Eds.), The psychology research handbook: A guide for graduate students and
research assistants (pp. 3–17). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Levin, B. B. (2008). Case studies of teacher development: An in-depth look at how thinking
about pedagogy develops over time. Taylor & Francis e-Library.
Makel, M. C., & Plucker, J. A. (2008). Creativity. In S. I. Pfeiffer (Ed.), Handbook of
giftedness in children: Psychoeducational theory, research, and best practices (pp. 247–270).
New York, NY: Springer.
Matelič, U., Mali, F., & Ferligoj, A. (2007). Kreativno okolje in uspešnost mladih
raziskovalcev. Družboslovne razprave, 23, 71–94.
Miller, A. I. (2000). Insights of genius: Imagery and creativity in science and art. New York,
NY: First MIT Press.
Neumann, C. J. (2009). Fostering creativity: A model for developing a culture of collective
creativity in science. EMBO reports, 8, 202–206.
Ochse, R. (1990). Before the gates of excellence. The determination of creative genius.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pečjak, V. (1987). Misliti, delati, živeti ustvarjalno. Ljubljana: Državna založba Slovenije.
Plucker, J., Beghetto, R. A., & Dow, G. T. (2004). Why isn’t creativity more important to
educational psychologists? Potentials, pitfalls, and future directions in creativity research.
Educational Psychologist, 39, 83–96. doi: 10.1207/s15326985ep3902_1
Runco, M. (2004). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 657–687.
Sawyer, R. K. (2006). Explaining creativity: The science of human innovation. New York,
NY: Oxford University Press.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions
and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54–67.
Simonton, D. K. (2003). Scientific creativity as constrained stochastic behaviour: The
integration of product, person, and process perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 129,
475–494. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.475
Simonton, D. K. (2004). Creativity in science: Chance, logic, genius, and zeitgeist.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Soler, J. M. (2007). A rational indicator of scientific creativity. Journal of Infometrics, 1,
123–130.
Stehr, N. (1994). Knowledge Societies. Sage: London.
Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity synthesized. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1996). Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51,
677–688.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubard, T. I. (1999). The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms.
In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 3–15). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Unsworth, K. L., & Parker, S. K. (2002). Promoting a pro-active and innovative workforce
for the new workplace. In D. Holman, T.D. Wall, C. W. Clegg, P. Sparrow, & A. Howard
(Eds.), The New Workplace: A Guide to the Human Impact of Modern Work Practices (pp.
175–196). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Urban, K. K. (2007). Assessing creativity: A componential model. In A. G. Tan (Ed.),
Creativity: A handbook for teachers (pp. 167–186). Singapore: World Scientific.
Weisberg, R. W. (1993). Creativity: Beyond the myth of genius. New York, NY: Freeman and
Company.
Zgaga, P. (2007). »Bolonjska arhitektura« doktorskega študija? Nekatere ključne teme v
novejših razpravah o doktorskem študiju v Evropi. Vestnik – Univerza v Ljubljani, 38, 3–7.
Yusuf, S. (2009). From creativity to innovation. Technology and Society, 31, 1–8. doi:
10.1016/j.techsoc.2008.10.007
Published
2018-01-22
Section
FOCUS
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